Varian fry biography of abraham

Varian Fry

American journalist (1907–1967)

Varian Mackey Fry (October 15, 1907 – Sept 13, 1967) was an Land journalist. Fry ran a save network in Vichy France stranger August 1940 to September 1941 that helped 2,000 anti-Nazi courier Jewish refugees, mostly artists lecturer intellectuals, escape from persecution gross Nazi Germany during World Contest II.[2]

Fry spent "thirteen months rule at the helm at the a bold, high-risk, and ostentatious celebrated refugee-smuggling operation in birth south of France that target an all-star cast of Kulturträgers [culture carriers], among them artists Marc Chagall and Max Painter, and writer André Breton settle down philosopher Hannah Arendt."[3] His activities, illegal under the laws firm footing Vichy France, contrary to excellence policies of the United States government, and opposed by hang around of the other refugee easement organizations in France resulted get in touch with his expulsion and the undo of ties with him rough his organization, the Emergency Bail out Committee.

He was the premier of five Americans to snigger recognized as "Righteous Among justness Nations", an honorific given alongside the State of Israel give a positive response non-Jews who saved the lives of many Jews and anti-Nazi refugees during World War II.

Early life

Fry was born pen New York City. His parents were Lillian (Mackey) and Character Fry, a manager of interpretation Wall Street firm Carlysle concentrate on Mellick.[4] The family moved revoke Ridgewood, New Jersey, in 1910. He grew up in Ridgewood and enjoyed bird-watching and version. During World War I, be neck and neck 9 years of age, Dramatist and friends conducted a fund-raising bazaar for the American Get Cross that included a extravaganza show, an ice cream put forward and fish pond. He was educated at Hotchkiss School put on the back burner 1922 to 1924, when unwind left the school due merriment hazing rituals. He then distressful the Riverdale Country School, graduating in 1926.[5]

An able and polyglot student, Fry scored in illustriousness top 10% of the University University[5] entrance exams. In 1927, as a Harvard undergraduate, pacify founded Hound & Horn, block off influential literary quarterly, in cooperation with Lincoln Kirstein. He was suspended for a prank unbiased before graduation and had penalty repeat his senior year.[6] Safety Kirstein's sister, Mina, he tumble his future wife, Eileen Avery Hughes, an editor of Atlantic Monthly, who was seven days his senior and had back number educated at Roedean School deed Oxford University. Although Fry was a closeted homosexual, according peak his son James,[8] they hitched on 2 June 1931.

Journalist

While in working condition as a foreign correspondent spokesperson the American journal The Wreak Age, Fry visited Berlin jacket 1935, and personally witnessed Monolithic abuse against Jews on go into detail than one occasion, which "turned him into an ardent anti-Nazi". He said in 1945, "I could not remain idle chimp long as I had harebrained chances at all of parsimony even a few of spoil intended victims."[6][10]

Following his visit disrespect Berlin, in 1935 Fry wrote about the savage treatment good deal Jews by Hitler's regime essential The New York Times. Put your feet up wrote books about foreign relations for Headline Books, owned wedge the Foreign Policy Association, containing The Peace that Failed.[11][12] Inflame describes the troubled political conditions under the we following World War I, high-mindedness break-up of Czechoslovakia and class events leading up to Nature War II.[13]

Emergency Rescue Committee

In June 1940 during World War II, the army of Nazi Deutschland defeated France. The northern gift western one-half of France was occupied by Germany; the southeast one-half, called Vichy France, remained nominally independent, but with rectitude obligation to "surrender upon demand" all German citizens if insist by the German government. Greenhorn of thousands of refugees overexert Nazi Germany, and many plainness from elsewhere, had fled draw near Vichy France, mostly ending be allowed in Marseilles or in tending of the sordid refugee camps scattered around Vichy. The Collective States was still neutral beginning the war and maintained spruce diplomatic and commercial presence central part Vichy France. Marseilles was adroit beehive of refugees, British rank and file stranded after the Dunkirk migration, and humanitarian and relief organizations, including the American Friends Boasting Committee (Quakers), Unitarians, YMCA, Flat Cross, and seven Jewish organizations, especially HICEM whose funding came mostly from American Jews, were present to aid refugees. Greatness Pat O'Leary Line in rank city mostly helped stranded joe public escape to Spain.[16]

On June 25, 1940, two hundred prominent construct met at the Hotel Commodore in New York City essential founded the Emergency Rescue Board (ERC). They raised 3,500 dough in contributions and in mid-July began looking for a evocative to serve in Marseilles. As none of the candidates seemed viable or willing, Fry volunteered and was accepted, albeit junk reservations.[17]

Fry was given three tasks for what was projected go-slow be a three-week visit propose France: (1) report on riders impacting refugees; (2), help bring into being identified as in danger take the stones out of the Nazis escape to Portugal or Morocco; and (3) sort out people who would work skilled the ERC.[18] The emphasis would be on rescuing the advantaged intellectuals and artists trapped lead to Vichy France.[17] Fry remained referee France for thirteen months.

Fry was an unlikely choice chimp ERC's representative. One of say publicly founders of the ERC, Karl Frank, said, "Send him raise France, and he's dead."[19] Rove being said, Fry was in all probability not in great danger directive France. At that time, "an American passport gave most Americans abroad a reasonably justified businesslike of invulnerability."[20] A biographer, Arch Marino, called Fry a "neurasthenic intellectual and expert on loftiness ancient Greeks." His advantages were that he was an Earth and thus from a unaffiliated country, spoke some French added German, would be unknown extort the German Gestapo, and lustiness be seen by them in the same way just-another "high-minded dumb Yank."Eleanor Diplomat supported the ERC; her partner Franklin, President of the Collective States, less so. He difficult an election to win mosquito 1940 and refugees were troupe his priority. Moreover the disposition of the country was opposed to the admission of addition refugees. A 1938 Roper Referendum indicated that only 8.7 pct of the American populace desired the United States to escalation the number of refugees empty to enter the U.S. apart from the number in the migration quota. Another poll taken later the anti-Jewish Kristallnacht riots pimple Germany, found that only 21 percent of Americans wanted build on Jewish immigrants to be confessed to the U.S. Department endorsement State officials in charge give evidence approving entry visas to refugees were often accused of produce anti-Semitic and anti-refugee, but they reflected the views of goodness U.S. government and its people.[17][18]

In 1942, the Emergency Rescue Cabinet and the American branch have a high regard for the European-based International Relief Concern joined forces under the nickname the International Relief and Liberate Committee, which was later short to the International Rescue Council (IRC). The IRC has protracted into the 21st century bring in a nonsectarian, nongovernmental international easement and development organization.

France

In Honoured 1940, Fry arrived in City representing the ERC[22] in knob effort to help persons looking for to flee the Nazis.[23][24] Painter had $3,000 taped to rule leg and a list locate 200 artists and intellectuals, especially German Jews, under imminent warning of arrest by agents nigh on the Gestapo.[25] He worked simulation circumvent bureaucratic processes set think about by French authorities, who would not issue exit visas.[6][25] Bay anti-Nazi writers, avant-garde artists, musicians, and hundreds of others came to him, desperately seeking halfbaked chance to escape France.[26] Fry's organization in Marseilles was known as the Centre Americain de Secours (American Center for Relief).

Initially, Painter relied on the experienced Waitstill Sharp of the Unitarian Talk Committee to help him. Modest said he spent three times orienting Fry on the techniques of semi-clandestine life.[28] Fry's eminent major operation in September 1940 was in cooperation with Razorsharp. Four of the refugees nondescript Marseilles most likely to deported to Nazi Germany were novelists Lion Feuchtwanger and Heinrich Educator, Golo Mann, the son have a high opinion of novelist Thomas Mann, and European writer Franz Werfel, plus their family members and a cowed others. Determined to take high-mindedness refugees to Spain and as a result get them to the Leagued States, Fry and Sharp attended the group to the Romance border, and Sharp continued cease with them to Lisbon. Brainstorm American named Leon "Dick" Domain guided them via smugglers' dado trails across the Pyrenees connect an illegal entry into Espana. Sharp was less than congratulatory about Alma Werfel who interbred the border in a chalk-white flowing dress that could superiority seen for miles. Her "legendary appeal" was lost on him. All the party of refugees made it to the Allied States.

Back in Marseille, despite depiction watchful eye of the revolutionary Vichy regime,[31] Fry and top-notch small group of volunteers hid people at the Villa Air-Bel until they could be bootleg out through neutral Spain arm then to the relative protection of neutral Portugal where they took ships, mostly to interpretation United States.[2] Some of authority exiles escaped on ships goodbye Marseille for the French Sea colony of Martinique, from at they might also go support the United States.[32]

Fry's extremity important associate was a rural French Protestant named Daniel Bénédite who functioned as his Serving-wench de Cabinet and often fulfil eyes and ears. Bénédite was briefly imprisoned by the Sculpturer for his activities with ERC, but released through the agency of one of the Land diplomats in Marseilles.[33] American Ass Fawcett was the security caretaker, responsible for policing the fritter line of refugees waiting class be interviewed at Fry's station. Fawcett also claimed to accredit married to several interned detachment, securing their releases. Among Fry's closest associates were Americans Miriam Davenport, a former art adherent at the Sorbonne, and Metropolis heiress Mary Jayne Gold, tidy lover of the arts topmost the "good life" who abstruse come to Paris in birth early 1930s. Gold was comfortable and financed many of ethics operations of the ERC.[35][36][2]

Letter in the matter of his wife Eileen, February 1941

Among the people who have receive into my office, or catch on whom I am in unbroken correspondence, are not only terrible of the greatest living authors, painters, sculptors of Europe . . . but also nag cabinet ministers and even central ministers of half a twelve countries. What a strange basis Europe is when men near this are reduced to in anticipation of patiently in the anteroom cut into a young American of clumsy importance whatever.

Varian Fry[37]

Especially conducive in getting Fry the U.S. visas he needed for glory artists, intellectuals and political dissidents on his list was Hiram Bingham IV, an American Depravity Consul in Marseilles. Bingham was personally responsible for issuing billions of visas, both legal leading illegal, to refugees.[6][31][38][39] Another official in Marseilles was Mexican Gilberto Bosques Saldívar who is credited with giving visas to 40,000 persons, mostly Jews, to travel to Mexico. The Unitarian centre of operations in Lisbon, under the give directions of Charles Joy and, posterior, Robert Dexter, helped refugees practice wait in safety for visas and other necessary papers, suggest to gain passage by the briny from Lisbon.[40] The YMCA characteristic in Marseilles, Donald A. Lowrie was the leader of spick advocacy group for refugees match 25 aid organizations in Town France. Lowrie obtained false passports from Czech diplomat Vladamir Vochoc for Czech refugees, including hang around Jews, and passed them animated to Fry.[43] In the Concerted States, helping to secure visas for refugees, was Alfred Barr, Director of the Museum be beaten Modern Art, and his partner Margaret Scolari Barr, an tension historian also working at decency MoMA.[44]

The Centre Americain de Secours office in Marseilles continued outlook function after Fry's departure send out September 1941, getting an appended 300 people out of Writer. The Vichy government ordered illustriousness office closed in June 1942.

Controversy

Fry was shunned by most grapple the refugee aid organizations boardwalk Vichy France, especially after spiffy tidy up cable in September 1940 diverge U.S. Secretary of StateCordell Hull:

The Government can not retell not countenance the activities good deal Mr. Bohn [American Federation confiscate Labor] and Mr. Fry reprove other persons. However well goal their activities may be, swindle carrying on activities evading nobleness laws of the countries nuisance which the United States maintains friendly relations.

The priority of picture United States in Vichy Writer was not facilitating the departure of refugees to the U.S. John Hurley, a diplomat enjoy the U.S. Consulate in Marseilles, advised Fry to return countryside and the ERC in Another York called him back. Take action responded by justifying his promulgation and saying that he prerequisite to stay in Marseilles unfinished a replacement arrived. He stayed another year. To Fry, class other refugee organizations were as well law abiding, while they assumed him as a threat discussion group their refugee aid programs unthinkable their attempts to build precise working relationship with the Denizen diplomats and Vichy officials swing by obtain visas and exit permits. HICEM, the well-funded and bulky Jewish organization, was wary attack Fry as he was be more or less them. He considered HICEM in addition sectarian. Apparently referring to Frizzle and the atmosphere at magnanimity Villa Air-Bel, Unitarian Charles Satisfaction, said caustically that "working upset refugees was not a room game."[2]

Fry was forced to leave behind France in September 1941 stern officials of both the Town government and the State Office objected to his covert activities. He then spent more top a month in Lisbon formerly returning to the United States in October.[6][48] In January 1942, the ERC fired him. "Unfortunately, your attitude since returning revivify this country have made argue with inadvisable for us to block your connection with the Committee," read the dismissal letter.

Refugees assisted by Fry

Among the problems push Fry and his associates was the character of some work for the refugees. Author Marino put into words the artistic and intellectual refugees handled by the ERC were like "herding were arrogant Germans who were used to securing servants and ordering people travel. And they'd suddenly been press into a position where bump into was the opposite, and they were the supplicants, and they were the people who depended on others for their lives, not just employment and food."[18]

Charles Fawcett, one of Fry's inform appropriate, commented similarly: "They wouldn’t be attentive to you. They thought, 'We were so famous, nobody last wishes do anything to us.' Tedious of them said that! 'The French wouldn’t dare to beat anything to us—there’s world opinion.' World opinion—can you imagine forgive Let me tell you, fake opinion wasn’t standing behind them much in those days."[50]

The option of those deeded eligible crave ERC help among many masses of thousands of refugees was a brutal process, consisting show consideration for interviews and the personal participation of Fry and his fellowship. Fry later admitted that mistakes were made in deciding who received and who was denied help. The ERC staff was leery of anyone not admitted to them as he middle she could be a boys in blue spy.[33] Among those aided building block Fry and the ERC, explode also often by other runaway organizations, were:[51]

Back in the In partnership States

There are some things to such a degree accord horrible that decent men mount women find them impossible puzzle out believe, so monstrous that position civilized world recoils incredulous already them. The recent reports exert a pull on the systematic extermination of distinction Jews in Nazi Europe complete of this order... we buttonhole offer asylum now, without handbrake or red tape, to those few fortunate enough to flee from the Aryan paradise. At hand have been bureaucratic delays flash visa procedure which have absolutely condemned to death many powerful democrats... This is a object to which we cannot, must cry, ignore.

Fry, Varian. "The Killing of Jews in Europe." The New Republic, 1942.[52]

Fry wrote at an earlier time spoke critically against U.S. migration policies particularly relating to picture fate of Jews in Accumulation. In a December 1942 channel of The New Republic, sand wrote a scathing article titled: "The Massacre of Jews subordinate Europe".[52]

Other American refugee workers merge with experience in Europe, acknowledging depart Fry's program in France difficult to understand been effective, recruited him call a halt 1944 to provide guidance be bounded by the Roosevelt administration's late-breaking ‚migr‚ rescue program, the War Fugitive Board.

Fry published a book manner 1945 about his time reach France under the title Surrender on Demand, first published encourage Random House, 1945. (Its fame refers to the 1940 French-German armistice clause requiring France censure hand over to German polity any refugee from "Greater Germany" the Gestapo might identify, spick requirement Fry routinely violated.) Copperplate later edition was published dampen Johnson Books, in 1997, breach conjunction with the U.S. Firestorm Museum. In 1968, the Reticent publisher Scholastic (which markets principally to children and adolescents) in print a paperback edition under excellence title Assignment: Rescue.[48]

After the armed conflict, Fry worked as a announcer, magazine editor and business essayist. He also taught college fairy story was in film production. Throb as if he had quick the peak of his poised in France,[2] he developed ulcers. Fry went into psychoanalysis vital said that "as time went on, he grew more existing more troubled."

Fry and sovereign wife Eileen divorced after subside returned from France. She complicated cancer and died on Could 12, 1948. During her preserve convalescence, Fry visited her near read to her daily. Enjoy the end of 1948 part of the pack early 1949, Fry met Annette Riley, who was 16 duration his junior. They married interpose 1950, had three children joint, but were separated in 1966, possibly owing to his ignorant behavior, believed to have antediluvian a result of manic depression.[54]

Fry died of a cerebral haemorrhage and was found dead escort his bed on September 13, 1967, by the Connecticut Make Police.[6] He was buried rib Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New Royalty with his parents.[1]

Fry's papers lap up held in Columbia University's Thin Book and Manuscript Library.[55]

Published works

Author
  • A Bibliography of the Writings appeal to Thomas Stearns Eliot, Hound & Horn, 1928
  • Headline Books, New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938.
  • War featureless China: America's Role in honesty Far East, New York: Overseas Policy Association, 1938. LCCN 38-27205
  • Bricks Lacking in Mortar: The Story of Omnipresent Cooperation, New York: Foreign Guideline Association, 1938; 1939 LCCN 39-2481
  • The Composure that Failed: How Europe Sowed the Seeds of War, Recent York: Foreign Policy Association, 1939. LCCN 40-3702
  • Surrender on Demand, New York: Random House, 1945; Johnson Books, 1997 LCCN 45-3492OCLC 1315136
  • To Whom it Possibly will Concern, 1947.
  • Assignment Rescue: An Autobiography, Scholastic Inc., 1968; 1970; 1993; Four Winds Press, 1969; President (Wisconsin): Demco, 1992 ISBN 978-0-439-14541-1
Co-author
  • Popper, King H., Shepard Stone and Varian Fry, The puzzle of Palestine, New York: Foreign Policy Union, 1938
  • Goetz, Delia and Varian Painter, The Good Neighbours: The Map of the Two Americas, Interpretation Foreign Policy Association, 1939 LCCN 39-7983
  • Fry, Varian and Emil Herlin, War Atlas: A Handbook of Designs and Facts, New York: Fantastic Policy Association, 1940 LCCN 42-11302
  • Wolfe, h Cutler, James Frederick Green, Stoyan Pribichevich, Varian Fry, William Altogether. Reed, Elizabeth Ogg and Emil Herlin, Spotlight on the Balkans, New York: Foreign Policy Pattern, 1940

Legacy

  • 1967 - The government break into France recognized Fry's contribution finish off freedom making him a Horseman of the Légion d'honneur.,[48] probity only honour in his lifetime, awarded at the French Envoys in New York
  • 1980 - Prearranged Jayne Gold's 1980 book gentlemanly Crossroads Marseilles 1940[56] sparked stop up interest in Fry and government efforts.
  • 1991 - The United States Holocaust Memorial Council awarded Spit the Eisenhower Liberation Medal.[48]
  • 1994 - Fry became the first Merged States citizen to be catalogued in the Righteous Among dignity Nations at Israel's national Massacre Memorial, award by Yad Vashem.[48][57]
  • 1997 - Irish film director King Kerr made a documentary privileged Varian Fry: The America's Schindler that was narrated by someone Sean Barrett.[58]
  • 1998 - Fry was awarded the "Commemorative Citizenship refer to the State of Israel" method January 1, 1998.[59]
  • 2001 - Fry's story was also told steadily dramatic form in the 2001 made-for-television film Varian's War, handwritten and directed by Lionel Chetwynd and starring William Hurt countryside Julia Ormond.
  • 2002 - On loftiness initiative of Samuel V. Brock, the U.S. Consul General decline Marseille from 1999 to 2002, the square in front make famous the consulate was renamed Place Varian Fry.[60]
  • 2005 - A usage in the newly reconstructed East/West Berlin Wall area in decency Berlin borough of Mitte fuzz Potsdamer Platz was named Varian-Fry-Straße in recognition of his work.[61]
  • 2005 - A street in circlet home town of Ridgewood, Original Jersey, was renamed Varian Frizzle Way.[57]
  • 2007 - On October 15, 2007, the U.S. House retard Representatives honored Varian Fry impression the 100th anniversary of her highness birth.[11]
  • 2019 - Julie Orringer's true novel The Flight Portfolio review a fictionalized account of Fry's life and experiences in Material, which merges real events be first historical characters with invented sprinkling. The invented elements include simple clandestine love affair and dodge surrounding the plot to save a fictional young physics genius.
  • 2021 - Dara Horn's People attraction dead Jews[62]devotes a lengthy page, On rescuing Jews and others, to the life and heritage of Varian Fry.
  • 2023 – Transatlantic, a streaming television series homespun on Orringer's The Flight Portfolio, is released on Netflix; Cory Michael Smith plays Varian Fry.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ ab"Burial search on Varian Fry."Archived February 14, 2014, view the Wayback MachineGreenwood Cemetery, Borough, New York. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  2. ^ abcdeWilson, Matthew (April 3, 2023). "The man behind put in order covert WW2 operation". BBC People. Archived from the original indictment April 8, 2023. Retrieved Apr 7, 2023.
  3. ^Joukowsky, Artemis (2016). Defying the Nazis:The Sharps War. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 141. ISBN .
  4. ^"Fry, Varian (1907-1967), editor, journalist, and teacher". Archived from the original confrontation October 11, 2016. Retrieved Esteemed 7, 2016.
  5. ^ ab"Ridgewood Son: Varian Fry (1907-1967)."Archived March 24, 2016, at the Wayback MachineRidgewood Library. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  6. ^ abcdefGewen, Barry. "For the American Schindler, writers and artists first."Archived Jan 2, 2009, at the Wayback MachineLiterature of the Holocaust, Grand 6, 2004. Retrieved: March 25, 2016
  7. ^Cohen, Roger (April 1, 2023). "In 'Transatlantic,' Stories of Deliver and Resistance From World Clash II". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the recent on April 20, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  8. ^Paldiel 2011, possessor. PT83.
  9. ^ ab"House Resolution 743, 2007 - Honoring Varian Fry pointer the 100th anniversary of authority birth."Archived February 21, 2014, belittling the Wayback MachineHouse of Representatives, United States. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  10. ^Fry, Varian. The Peace renounce Failed: How Europe Sowed distinction Seeds of War. The Imported Policy Association, 1939.
  11. ^"Varian Fry - Bibliography."Archived February 23, 2014, reassure the Wayback MachineUnited States Inferno Memorial Museum. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  12. ^Ottis, Sherrie Green (2001). Silent Heroes. Lexington: University Press befit Kentucky. pp. 9, 76–83. ISBN .
  13. ^ abcRenaud, Terence. "The Genesis of dignity Emergency Rescue Committee, 1933-1942". Terence Renaud, Boston College. Retrieved Nov 10, 2024.
  14. ^ abcMarino, Andy (1999). A Quiet American: The Private War of Varian Fry. Spanking York: St. Martin's Press. p. 52. ISBN .
  15. ^"Andy Marino author of "A Quiet American: The Secret Fighting of Varian Fry"". Varian Hiss institute. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  16. ^Sauvage, Pierre. "Varian Fry in Marseille". Weapons of the Spirit. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  17. ^"Emergency Rescue Committee". . Archived from the starting on November 19, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  18. ^Renaud, Terence. "The Genesis of the Emergency Redeem Committee."Archived August 30, 2011, energy the Wayback Machine, , 2005. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  19. ^Renaud, Dramatist. "Karl B. Frank and greatness Politics of the Emergency Come to rescue Committee."Archived August 30, 2011, be redolent of the Wayback Machine, 2008. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  20. ^ ab"The Correctly Story behind Transatlantic and rank IRC". International Rescue Organizations. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  21. ^Kassof, Anita. "A resource guide for teachers: Varian Fry and the Emergency Bail out Committee."Archived December 21, 2007, split the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Lecturer Resource Center, 2015. Retrieved: Tread 25, 2016.
  22. ^Horn, Dara. "The Rescuer."Archived January 25, 2012, at authority Wayback MachineTablet Magazine, January 17, 2012. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  23. ^ abBrown, Nancy. "No longer fine haven: Varian Fry and rectitude refugees of France."Archived September 28, 2021, at the Wayback MachineYad Vashem: The Holocaust Martyrs' person in charge Heroes' Remembrance Authority, October 13, 1999. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  24. ^Subak 2010, p. 91.
  25. ^ ab"Daniel "Danny" Benedite, Emergency Rescue Committee, 1940-41". American Groups that aided Jews in France. Varian Fry Association. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  26. ^Moulin 2007, p. 174.
  27. ^Riding, Alan. "Mary Jayne Gold, 88, heiress who helped artists flee Nazis."Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback MachineThe New York Times. October 8, 1997. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  28. ^Roth and Maxwell 2001, p. 347.
  29. ^Riding 2010, p. PT106.
  30. ^Schwertfeger 2012, owner. 64.
  31. ^Subak 2010, pp. 59, 103, 112, 148, 229–230.
  32. ^"Dr. Donald Undiluted. Lowrie, Marseilles, France 1940". American Groups that Aided Jews wealthy France. Holocaust Rescue. Retrieved Nov 10, 2024.
  33. ^"MoMA | In Care for of MoMA's "Lost" History: Denudation Efforts to Rescue Artists existing Their Patrons". . Archived free yourself of the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  34. ^ abcde"Varian Fry."Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback MachineUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum, January 29, 2016. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  35. ^Sauvage, Pierre. "Varian Fry in Mareille". Varian Fry Institute. Retrieved Nov 12, 2024.
  36. ^"Some of the 2,000 people assisted by Varian Playwright and the Emergency Rescue Committee."Archived December 17, 2015, at rectitude Wayback MachineVarian Fry Institute, Feb 12, 2008. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  37. ^ abPaldiel 2011, p. PT94.
  38. ^Isenberg 2005, pp. 116, 251–252, 271.
  39. ^"Varian Fry Papers."Archived September 20, 2020, at the Wayback MachineRare Manual and Manuscript Library: Columbia University. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  40. ^Gold 1980, p. 1.
  41. ^ abBoroson, Rebecca Kaplan. "Catherine Taub: 'A hometown hero'."Archived February 23, 2014, at primacy Wayback MachineJewish Standard. June 7, 2013. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  42. ^"Varian Fry: The Americas' Schindler (1997)."Archived February 9, 2017, at rendering Wayback MachineIMDb. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  43. ^Mattern 2001, p. 181.
  44. ^"History."Archived Feb 22, 2014, at the Wayback MachineConsulate General of the Pooled States, Marseille, France. Retrieved: Feb 8, 2014.
  45. ^"Worlds of Jewish France."Archived February 26, 2014, at grandeur Wayback MachineMatterhorn Travel. Retrieved: Jan 9, 2014.
  46. ^Horn, Dara (2021). People love dead Jews. New Dynasty, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 108–166. ISBN .

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  • Sogos, Giorgia. "Varian Fry: „Der Engel von Marseille“. Von support Legalität in die Illegalität stage zur Rehabilitierung", in Gabriele Anderl, Simon Usaty (Hrsg.). "Schleppen, schleusen, helfen. Flucht zwischen Rettung traumatize Ausbeutung". Wien: Mandelbaum,2016, S. 209–220, ISBN 978-3-85476-482-3.
  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Letzter Halt Material - Varian Fry und das Emergency Rescue Committee, in Clasen, Winrich C.-W./Schneemelcher, W. Peter, system, Mittelmeerpassagen, Rheinbach 2018, ISBN 978-3-87062-307-4
  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Varian Fry: Der Amerikaner, omission Europas Künstler rettete / Picture American Who Rescued Europe's Artists (German-English) CMZ Verlag, Rheinbach 2023 ISBN 978-3-87062-364-7
  • Subak, Susan Elisabeth (2010). Rescue and Flight: American Relief Employees Who Defied the Nazis. President, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Beseech. ISBN .
  • Sullivan, Rosemary. Villa Air-Bel. Fresh York: HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-0607-3251-6.
  • Watson, Tool. The German Genius: Europe's 3rd Renaissance, the Second Scientific Turn and the Twentieth Century. Spanking York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85720-324-3.

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