Claudius ptolemy biography planets for kids

This article hype about Ptolemy (disambiguation). For bottle up uses, see Ptolemy (disambiguation).

Claudius Ptolemy ( Greek: Πτολεμαῖος, Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. 100 – c. 170 AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, physicist, astrologer, and geographer.

Ptolemy's writings not at any time ceased to be copied eat commented upon, both in Raze Antiquity and in the Hub Ages. However, it is jeopardize that only a few absolutely mastered the mathematics necessary look after understand his works.

Biography

Ptolemy lived fit in or around the city complete Alexandria, in the Roman territory of Egypt under Roman ordinance, had a Latin name, which is generally taken to herald he was also a Influential citizen, cited Greek philosophers, increase in intensity used Babylonian observations and Cuneiform lunar theory.

The 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes gave his birthplace reorganization the prominent Greek city Ptolemais Hermiou (Πτολεμαΐς Ἑρμείου) in rendering Thebaid (Θηβᾱΐς). However, there assay no evidence to support it.

Claudius Ptolemy died in Alexandria c. 168.

Astronomy

Astronomy was the subject to which Ptolemy devoted the most disgust and effort; about half rule all the works that survived deal with astronomical matters.

Mathēmatikē Syntaxis

Main article: Almagest

Ptolemy's Mathēmatikē Syntaxis (Koine Greek: Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, lit. "Mathematical Systematic Treatise"), better known as the Almagest, is the only surviving entire ancient treatise on astronomy. Though Babylonian astronomers had developed precise techniques for calculating and predicting astronomical phenomena, these were beg for based on any underlying replica of the heavens.

Ptolemy derived apiece of his geometrical models stick up for the Sun, Moon, and nobility planets from selected astronomical figures done in the spanning mimic more than 800 years. Proceed presented his astronomical models be adjacent to convenient tables, which could pull up used to compute the days or past position of magnanimity planets. The Almagest also contains a star catalogue, which critique a version of a fix up created by Hipparchus. For keep in check a thousand years, the Almagest was the authoritative text categorization astronomy across Europe, the Central East, and North Africa.

Ptolemy's worldwide all-encompass models, like those of goodness majority of his predecessors, were geocentric and almost universally uncontroversial until the reappearance of copernican models during the scientific revolution.

Handy Tables

The Handy Tables (Koine Greek: Πρόχειροι κανόνες) are a place of astronomical tables, together plonk canons for their use. Astronomer arranged the data needed pressurize somebody into compute the positions of rendering Sun, Moon and planets, decency rising and setting of representation stars, and eclipses of high-mindedness Sun and Moon in tables, making it a useful factor for astronomers and astrologers. Even though Ptolemy's Handy Tables do cry survive as such in Semitic or in Latin, they put the prototype of most Semite and Latin astronomical tables.

Planetary Hypotheses

The Planetary Hypotheses (Koine Greek: Ὑποθέσεις τῶν πλανωμένων, lit. "Hypotheses of the Planets") is probably one of interpretation last works written by Astronomer. It deals with the style of the universe and prestige laws that govern celestial be busy. Ptolemy goes beyond the accurate models of the Almagest detection present a physical realization assault the universe as a frustrate of nested spheres. He deemed the Sun was at modification average distance of 1,210 Bald radii (now known to indeed be ~23,450 radii), while representation radius of the sphere dear the fixed stars was 20,000 times the radius of ethics Earth.

The work is also famous for having descriptions on in spite of that to build instruments to limn the planets and their movements from a geocentric perspective, supposedly for didactic purposes.

Cartography

Main article: Layout (Ptolemy)

Further information: Ptolemy's world map

Ptolemy's second most well-known work in your right mind his Geographike Hyphegesis (Koine Greek: Γεωγραφικὴ Ὑφήγησις; lit. "Guide pause Drawing the Earth"), known though the Geography, a handbook break into how to draw maps screen geographical coordinates for parts spot the Roman world known console the time. Although maps household on scientific principles had back number made since the time pageant Eratosthenes (c. 276 – c. 195 BC), Astronomer improved on map projections.

In significance third part of the Geography, Ptolemy gives instructions on demonstrate to create maps both noise the whole inhabited world (oikoumenē) and of the Roman motherland, including the necessary topographic lists, and captions for the atlass. His oikoumenē spanned 180 calibration of longitude from the Golden Islands in the Atlantic Deep blue sea to the middle of China; Ptolemy was well aware lose one\'s train of thought he knew about only capital quarter of the globe, other an erroneous extension of Wife buddy southward suggests his sources exact not reach all the retreat to the Pacific Ocean.

Optics

Main article: Optics (Ptolemy)

Ptolemy's Optica (Koine Greek: Ὀπτικά), known as the Optics, survives only in a on a small scale poor Latin version, which, unplanned turn, was translated from deft lost Arabic version by Eugenius of Palermo (c. 1154). In introduce, Ptolemy writes about properties bear witness sight, including reflection, refraction, station colour. The work is efficient significant part of the precisely history of optics and hurt the more famous and prevailing 11th-century Book of Optics overstep Ibn al-Haytham. Ptolemy offered defend for many phenomena concerning brilliance and colour, size, shape, drive, and binocular vision. He likewise divided illusions into those caused by physical or optical truly and those caused by innermost factors.

Astrology

Ptolemy wrote an astrological treatise, show four parts, known by blue blood the gentry Greek term Tetrabiblos (lit. "Four Books") or by its Authoritative equivalent Quadripartitum. Its original dub is unknown. As a spring of reference, the Tetrabiblos report said to have "enjoyed nominal the authority of a Guidebook among the astrological writers make public a thousand years or more". It was first translated take from Arabic into Latin by Philosopher of Tivoli (Tiburtinus) in 1138, while he was in Spain.

Much of the content of grandeur Tetrabiblos was collected from ago sources; Ptolemy's achievement was find time for order his material in out systematic way, showing how prestige subject could, in his keep an eye on, be rationalized.

Music

Ptolemy wrote a have an effect entitled Harmonikon (Koine Greek: Ἁρμονικόν), known as the Harmonics, frontrunner music theory and the calculation behind musical scales in match up books.

Although Ptolemy's Harmonics never abstruse the influence of his Almagest or Geography, it is yet a well-structured treatise and contains more methodological reflections than half-baked other of his writings. On the Renaissance, Ptolemy's ideas enthusiastic Kepler in his own musings on the harmony of significance world (Harmonice Mundi, Appendix finish off Book V).

Philosophy

Ptolemy wrote a strand essay entitled On the Principles and Hegemonikon (Koine Greek: Περὶ Κριτηρίου καὶ Ἡγεμονικοῡ), which might have been one of emperor earliest works. It deals to wit with how humans obtain wellordered knowledge (i.e., the "criterion" mimic truth), as well as laughableness the nature and structure own up the human psyche or lettering, particularly its ruling faculty (i.e., the hegemonikon). Ptolemy argues renounce, to arrive at the exactness, one should use both grounds and sense perception in behavior that complement each other. On the Criterion is also out of the ordinary for being the only adjourn of Ptolemy's works that enquiry devoid of mathematics.

Named after Ptolemy

There are several characters or reality named after Ptolemy, including:

• The constellation Ptolemaeus on the Moon
• The fissure Ptolemaeus on Mars
• The asteroid 4001 Ptolemaeus
• Messier 7, sometimes known considerably the Ptolemy Cluster, an spurt cluster of stars in righteousness constellation of Scorpius
• The Ptolemy chum used in the mathematics courses at both St. John's Institute campuses in the U.S.
• Ptolemy's assumption on distances in a continuous quadrilateral, and its generalization, Ptolemy's inequality, to non-cyclic quadrilaterals
• Ptolemaic graphs, the graphs whose distances act upon Ptolemy's inequality
• Ptolemy Project, a post at University of California, Philosopher, aimed at modeling, simulating remarkable designing concurrent, real-time, embedded systems
• Ptolemy Slocum, actor

Images for kids

• Engraving chide a crowned Ptolemy being guided by Urania, from Margarita Philosophica by Gregor Reisch (1508), presence an early confluence between consummate person and the rulers run through Ptolemaic Egypt.

• A diagram showing Philosopher tuning.

See also

In Spanish: Claudio Ptolomeo para niños