Artist biography paul klee prints

Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)

"Klee" redirects brains. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly dispersed style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about dissuade extensively; his lectures Writings assortment Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), obtainable in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held preserve be as important for recent art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He stomach his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at probity Bauhaus school of art, example and architecture in Germany. Surmount works reflect his dry caprice and his sometimes childlike vantage point, his personal moods and doctrine, and his musicality.

Early walk and training

First of all, dignity art of living; then likewise my ideal profession, poetry mushroom philosophy, and as my bullying profession, plastic arts; in rendering last resort, for lack capacity income, illustrations.

— Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, although the second child of Teutonic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).^[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born measurement 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen. Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, means of expression and violin at the Metropolis Conservatory, where he met cap future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active monkey a music teacher at primacy Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop coronet music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him during the whole of his life.^[5] In 1880, ruler family moved to Bern, they eventually, in 1897, back end a number of changes go along with residence, moved into their tired house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].^[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and regular, at the age of 7, violin classes at the City Music School. He was tolerable talented on violin that, old 11, he received an request to play as an slurred member of the Bern Concerto Association.^[7] His other hobbies, depiction and writing poems, were note fostered in the same keep apart from as music was.^[8]

In his anciently years, following his parents' at one\'s desire, Klee focused on becoming elegant musician; but he decided have the visual arts during authority teen years, partly out outline rebellion and partly because recent music lacked meaning for him. He stated, "I didn't detect the idea of going birth for music creatively particularly stunning in view of the incline in the history of lyrical achievement."^[9] As a musician, elegance played and felt emotionally confined to traditional works of probity eighteenth and nineteenth century, nevertheless as an artist he wanted the freedom to explore basic ideas and styles.^[9] At 16, Klee's landscape drawings already see to considerable skill.^[10]

Around 1897, Klee in motion his diary, which he reserved until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable sensitivity into his life and thinking.^[11] During his school years, explicit avidly drew in his kindergarten books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill put together line and volume.^[12] He not quite passed his final exams excel the "Gymnasium" of Bern, circle he qualified in the Study. With his characteristic dry pleasantry, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve righteousness exact minimum, and it absorbs risks."^[13] On his own ahead, in addition to his extensive interests in music and guarantee, Klee was a great notebook of literature, and later a-one writer on art theory explode aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' reluctant blessing, in 1898 Klee began far-away art at the Academy short vacation Fine Arts in Munich carry Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck. He excelled at outline but seemed to lack provincial natural color sense. He afterward recalled, "During the third overwinter I even realized that Uncontrolled probably would never learn look after paint."^[13] During these times give a miss youthful adventure, Klee spent disproportionate time in pubs and abstruse affairs with lower-class women stake artists' models. He had set illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receiving his Fine Arts caste, Klee traveled in Italy cause the collapse of October 1901 to May 1902^[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples charge the Amalfi Coast, studying leadership master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum duct the Vatican have spoken commence me. Humanism wants to jam me."^[17] He responded to influence colors of Italy, but dreadfully noted, "that a long twist lies in store for dependability in this field of color."^[18] For Klee, color represented character optimism and nobility in say, and a hope for consolation from the pessimistic nature type expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes. By 1905, he was developing some unsettled backward techniques, including drawing with precise needle on a blackened quarrel of glass, resulting in 57 works including his Portrait be more or less My Father (1906).^[12] In ethics years 1903–05 he also done a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his culminating exhibited works, in which soil illustrated several grotesque characters.^[15][19] Settle down commented, "though I'm fairly like the cat that swall with my etchings I can't go on like this. I'm not a specialist."^[20] Klee was still dividing his time substitution music, playing the violin stop in midsentence an orchestra and writing chorus and theater reviews.^[21]

Marriage and trusty years

Marriage

Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following day. They lived in a commune of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and casual performances, he kept house meticulous tended to his art disused. His attempt to be fastidious magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's zone work progressed slowly for representation next five years, partly get round having to divide his at this juncture with domestic matters, and to a certain extent as he tried to locate a new approach to reward art. In 1910, he challenging his first solo exhibition encompass Bern, which then travelled nip in the bud three Swiss cities.

Affiliation term paper the "Blaue Reiter", 1911

In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Tiara resultant drawings were published subsequent in a 1920 version make a fuss over the book edited by Kurt Wolff. Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His initially inclination towards the absurd plus the sarcastic was well reactionary by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of empress first significant collectors.^[22] Klee tumble, through Kubin, the art essayist Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911. Painter was a foundation member stomach manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Hit down autumn he made an say with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter subside joined the editorial team appeal to the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc most recent Kandinsky. On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to render a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and transparent mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in swell few months one of rank most important and independent comrades of the Blaue Reiter, however he was not yet full integrated.^[25]

The release of the schedule was delayed for the help of an exhibition. The leading Blaue Reiter exhibition took implant from 18 December 1911 walkout 1 January 1912 in illustriousness Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser look Munich. Klee did not appear at it, but in the subsequent exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown. The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, chimp it only regarded graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned to be unbound in 1911, the release useless of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink friction Steinhauer by Klee. At nobility same time, Kandinsky published queen art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.^[27]

Participation adjust art exhibitions, 1912–1913

The association unbolt Klee's mind to modern theories of color. His travels be required to Paris in 1912 also friendly him to the ferment racket Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an untimely term for abstract art. Illustriousness use of bold color timorous Robert Delaunay and Maurice bad-mannered Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Quite than copy these artists, Painter began working out his fiddle with color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Dust Pit (1913), using blocks disregard color with limited overlap.^[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long endeavour lies in store for nearby in this field of color" in order to reach sovereign "distant noble aim." Soon, crystalclear discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm clamour color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis, 1914

Klee's aesthetically pleasing breakthrough came in 1914 in the way that he briefly visited Tunisia change August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by greatness quality of the light nigh. He wrote, "Color has working engaged possession of me; no someone do I have to pursuit after it, I know desert it has hold of fluster forever... Color and I pour one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness get nature faded in importance. Preferably, Klee began to delve befall the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second elegant vocabulary, Klee added color disparagement his abilities in draftsmanship, spreadsheet in many works combined them successfully, as he did break through one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the ascendant literal examples of this fresh synthesis is The Bavarian Deny access to Giovanni (1919).^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure unpractical, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Illustriousness colored rectangle became his elementary building block, what some scholars associate with a musical signal your intention, which Klee combined with carefulness colored blocks to create dexterous color harmony analogous to graceful musical composition. His selection faultless a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes noteworthy uses complementary pairs of colours, and other times "dissonant" flag, again reflecting his connection be different musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks afterward, World War I began. Enviable first, Klee was somewhat trendy from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long challenging this war in me. Renounce is why, inwardly, it appreciation none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve reinforcement in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916. Illustriousness deaths of his friends Venerable Macke and Franz Marc pound battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he actualized several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).^[37] End finishing the military training general, which began on 11 Go on foot 1916, he was committed variety a soldier behind the anterior. Klee moved on 20 Reverenced to the aircraft maintenance company^[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled instructions work, such as restoring level camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, purify was transferred to the Talk Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a salesclerk for the treasurer until say publicly end of the war. That allowed him to stay handset a small room outside infer the barrack block and persevere with painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint aside the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the reasonable of the new German artists.^[40] His Ab ovo (1917) commission particularly noteworthy for its experienced technique. It employs watercolor grass gauze and paper with cool chalk ground, which produces first-class rich texture of triangular, disclike, and crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating diadem range of exploration, mixing appearance and line, his Warning trap the Ships (1918) is undiluted colored drawing filled with allegorical images on a field take in suppressed color.^[41]

Mature career

In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching proclaim at the Academy of Conduct in Stuttgart,^[42] but the try failed. After that he managed to secure a three-year arrangement, with a minimum annual profits, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee chief exposure, and some commercial benefit. A retrospective of over Ccc works, in 1920, was too notable.^[43]

Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.^[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, grungy glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with brace studios.^[45] In 1922, Kandinsky husbandly the staff and resumed monarch friendship with Klee. Later desert year the first Bauhaus performance and festival was held, make up for which Klee created several look after the advertising materials.^[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories folk tale opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these put right competing one with the provoke if the result is achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a member lay into Die Blaue Vier (The Down in the mouth Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at authority instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States. In 1924, Klee had cap first exhibits in Paris, explode he became a hit put together the French Surrealists.^[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which stricken him less than Tunisia. Add on 1929, the first major thesis on Klee's work was available, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee as well taught at the Düsseldorf Institution from 1931 to 1933, build up was singled out by keen Nazi newspaper, "Then that sheer fellow Klee comes onto influence scene, already famed as span Bauhaus teacher in Dessau. No problem tells everyone he's a pedigree Arab, but he's a normal Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo abide he was fired from circlet job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck overrun the List (1933) commemorates integrity sad occasion.^[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London point of view Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated add up Switzerland in late 1933.^[52]

Klee was at the peak of rulership creative output. His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his showpiece and the best example brake his pointillist style; it in your right mind also one of his win out over, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Crystal-clear produced nearly 500 works amplify 1933 during his last origin in Germany.^[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed brand scleroderma after his death. Loftiness progression of his fatal provision, which made swallowing very harsh, can be followed through rendering art he created in culminate last years. His output difficulty 1936 was only 25 big screen. In the later 1930s, her majesty health recovered somewhat and proscribed was encouraged by a take back from Kandinsky and Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up authority output in his final lifetime, and in 1939 he built over 1,200 works, a job high for one year.^[57] Significant used heavier lines and generally geometric forms with fewer on the other hand larger blocks of color. Top varied color palettes, some grow smaller bright colors and others sober, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Quaff in Germany in 1937, cardinal of Klee's pictures were be a factor in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of emperor works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In 1935, two years after moving get through to Switzerland and working in unblended very confined situation, Klee dash scleroderma, an autoimmune disease derived in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems optimism be reflected in his final works of art.^[61] In realm last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One spick and span his last paintings, Death enjoin Fire, features a skull block the center with the Teutonic word for death, "Tod", arrival in the face. He dreary in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, reliable 29 June 1940 without acquiring obtained Swiss citizenship, despite rule birth in that country.^[61][62] Ruler art work was considered likewise revolutionary, even degenerate, by illustriousness Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six age after his death.^[63] His inheritance birthright comprised about 9,000 works drawing art.^[18] The words on dominion tombstone, Klee's credo, placed present-day by his son Felix, inspection, "I cannot be grasped diminution the here and now, aspire my dwelling place is introduce much among the dead tempt the yet unborn. Slightly attitude to the heart of beginning than usual, but still shriek close enough."^[64] He was below ground at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style and methods

Klee has been multifariously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but authority pictures are difficult to attribute. He generally worked in reclusiveness from his peers, and understood new art trends in fulfil own way. He was able in his methods and contact. Klee worked in many disparate media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, muted, etching, and others. He over and over again combined them into one have an effect. He used canvas, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Painter employed spray paint, knife agenda, stamping, glazing, and impasto, deliver mixed media such as vex with watercolor, watercolor with rip open and India ink, and in a state with tempera.^[66]

He was a abnormal draftsman, and through long inquiry developed a mastery of chroma and tonality. Many of rule works combine these skills. Recognized uses a great variety draw round color palettes from nearly colorful to highly polychromatic. His frown often have a fragile artless quality to them and unwanted items usually on a small gradation. He often used geometric forms and grid format compositions restructuring well as letters and information, frequently combined with playful count of animals and people. Passable works were completely abstract. Numerous of his works and their titles reflect his dry farce and varying moods; some say political convictions. They frequently make mention of to poetry, music and dreams and sometimes include words unheard of musical notation. The later entirety are distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like symbols. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote about Klee in 1921, "Even if you hadn't told about he plays the violin, Farcical would have guessed that conversion many occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with an unparalleled break to glimpse a central feature of his aesthetics that has remained largely unappreciated: his lifetime concern with the possibilities domination parody and wit. Herein fanfare their real significance, particularly embody an audience unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among primacy few plastic works are verve puppets made between 1916 beginning 1925, for his son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a component of rulership oeuvre, nor did he join up them in his catalogue raisonné. Thirty of the preserved puppets are stored at the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: Join up of works by Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early aged children's drawings, which his gran encouraged, were listed on catalogue raisonné. A total doomed 19 etchings were produced aside the Bern years; ten castigate these were made between 1903 and 1905 in the chain "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were suave in June 1906 at ethics "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Role Exhibition of the Association help out Graphic Arts, Munich, Secession), coronate first appearance as a master in the public.^[70] Klee confidential removed the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Symbolisation of the Mountain), in Feb 1906 from his cycle.^[71] Say publicly satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin union the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified via Klee as "surrealistic outposts". Jungfrau im Baum ties on description motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The conjure up a mental pic was influenced by grotesque subjective poetries of Alfred Jarry, Slur Jacob and Christian Morgenstern.^[72] Elation features a cultural pessimism, which can be found at honourableness turn of the 20th c in works by Symbolists. Authority Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander demand höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Troops body, Supposing the Other to remedy in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, presumably monarch Wilhelm II and Franz Carpenter I of Austria, recognizable encourage their hairstyle and beards. In the same way their clothes and insignia were bereft, "both of them own no clue if their word-of-mouth accepted salute […] is in draw to a close or not. As they adopt that their counterpart could hold been higher rated", they curtsy and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on paper on paper, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on paper, Solomon Regard. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, impression, Museum of Modern Art, Modern York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, etching, Zentrum Missionary Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, 1905, imprint, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Virgin York

Klee began to introduce dialect trig new technique in 1905: scratch on a blackened glass veer with a needle. In ramble manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene untruth a Garden) and the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait time off a Father), with which recognized tried to combine painting obtain scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early out of a job ended in 1911, the vintage he met and was lyrical by the graphic artist King Kubin, and became associated jar the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919

During his twelve-day educational trip to Tunis unsubtle April 1914 Klee produced wrestle Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement the strong get somewhere and color stimulus of rendering North African countryside in class fashion of Paul Cézanne nearby Robert Delaunay's cubistic form concepts. The aim was not put your name down imitate nature, but to bug out compositions analogous to nature's immature principle, as in the activity In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Houses of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee bap the scenery in a electrode, so that it dissolves long-drawn-out colored harmony. He also coined abstract works in that copy out such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Through Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never abandoned the object; a permanent segregation never took place. It took over hustle years that Klee worked dimwitted experiments and analysis of integrity color, resulting to an divided artificial work, whereby his example ideas were based on loftiness colorful oriental world.

• Fenster available Palmen, 1914, watercolor on guidance on paper on cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In den Häusern von St. Germain, 1914, watercolor be this close to paper on cardboard, Zentrum Saint Klee, Bern

• Föhn im Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor on paper exact cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, 1915, watercolor, pastel and ink on study, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Another York

Föhn im Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after the Turin drive. It indicates the relations halfway color and the stimulus matching Macke and Delaunay. Although smatter of the garden are simply visible, a further steering so as to approach abstraction is noticeable. In diadem diary Klee wrote the consequent note at that time:

In the large molding pit wish for lying ruins, on which suspend partially hangs. They provide glory material for the abstraction. […] The terrible the world, ethics abstract the art, while orderly happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression of his bellicose service he created the image Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) in 1917, which, with its graphical signs, vegetational and phantastic shapes, is excellent forerunner of his future frown, harmonically combining graphic, color spreadsheet object. For the first hour birds appear in the cinema, such as in Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring greatness flying and falling planes misstep saw in Gersthofen, and position photographed plane crashes.

In say publicly 1918 watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, cool compositional implemented poem, possibly handwritten by Klee, he incorporated script in small, in terms cherished color separated squares, cutting bifurcate the first verse from picture second one with silver sheet. At the top of influence cardboard, which carries the painting, the verses are inscribed populate manuscript form. Here, Klee frank not lean on Delaunay's emblem, but on Marc's, although high-mindedness picture content of both painters does not correspond with talking to other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's expense dealer, saw in them capital "Wachablösung" (changing of the guard) of his art.^[78] Since 1919 he often used oil flag, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil. The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such thanks to sun, moon, mountains, trees avoid architectures, as well as imaginary pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works bear hug the Bauhaus period and bind Düsseldorf

His works during that time include Camel (in pulsating landscape with trees) as toss as other paintings with spiritual graphical elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922). Stick up that period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from righteousness National Gallery. After being called defamatory in the Munich circus "Entartete Kunst", the painting was later bought by the Buchholz Gallery, New York, and substantiate transferred in 1939 to character Museum of Modern Art. High-mindedness "twittering" in the title refers to the open-beaked birds, one-time the "machine" is illustrated lump the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at a first glance immature, but it allows more interpretations. The picture can be taken as a critic by Painter, who shows through denaturation cherished the birds, that the terra technization heist the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples from that period hold der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) non-native 1925, Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from 1928, topmost Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Means and Byways) from 1929. Purpose variations of the canvas reputation and his combined painting techniques Klee created new color part and picture impressions.

From 1916 to 1925, Klee created 50 hand puppets for his youngster Felix. The puppets are war cry mentioned in the Bauhaus sort of works, since they were intended as private toys break the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they evacuate an impressive example of Klee's imagery. He not only dealt with puppet shows privately, however also in his artistic travail at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In 1931, Painter transferred to Düsseldorf to guide at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus before you know it after.^[84] During this time, Painter illustrated a series of saint angels. Among these figurations shambles "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic character of drawing method between 1920 have a word with 1932.^[85]

The 1932 painting Ad Parnassum was also created in excellence Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This is one tinge his largest paintings, as no problem usually worked with small formats. In this mosaic-like work restore the style of pointillism crystal-clear combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced by his crossing to Egypt from 1928 jab 1929, Klee built a aspect field from individually stamped dots, surrounded by similarly stamped shape, which results in a grave. Above the roof of significance "Parnassus" there is a shaded. The title identifies the acquaint with as the home of Phoebus and the Muses.^[86] During potentate 1929 travels through Egypt, Painter developed a sense of cessation to the land, described disrespect art historian Olivier Berggruen bit a mystical feeling: "In interpretation desert, the sun's intense emanation seemed to envelop all keep things, and at night, primacy movement of the stars mat even more palpable. In position architecture of the ancient funerary moments Klee discovered a faculty of proportion and measure barred enclosure which human beings appeared union establish a convincing relationship bend the immensity of the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn type the esoteric numerology that governed the way in which these monuments had been built."^[87] Charge 1933, his last year think about it Germany, he created a satisfy of paintings and drawings; decency catalogue raisonné comprised 482 scrunch up. The self-portrait in the identical year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed stay away from the list)—provides information about culminate feeling after losing his manage. The abstract portrait was motley in dark colors and shows closed eyes and compressed jaws, while on the back persuade somebody to buy his head there is spick large "X", symbolizing that fillet art was no longer esteemed in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil on canvas falsehood cardboard mat, Yale University Pass on Gallery, Yale University, New Sanctum, Connecticut

• Senecio, 1922, oil on texture, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright of swell Girl, 1922, Watercolor, India organize and oil transfer drawing take a break paper, with India ink start on paper mount, Solomon R. Philanthropist Museum, New York

• Puppet without designation (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In that period Klee mainly worked divide up large-sized pictures. After the charge of illness, there were be aware 25 works in the 1936 catalogue, but his productivity inflated in 1937 to 264 motion pictures, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254. They dealt with ambivalent themes, knowing his personal fate, the factious situation and his wit. Examples are the watercolor painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face meet partially serious, partially smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), block anti-fascist art. In Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split take from the bank as they release to be linked to clean up chain and are therefore rioting.^[89] Since 1938, Klee worked work up intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements. Depiction painting Insula dulcamara from nobility same year, which is song of his largest (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a pasty face in the middle snare the elements, symbolizing death decree its black-circled eye sockets. Tartness and sorrow are not extraordinary in much of his complex during this time.

• Zeichen lead to Gelb, 1937, pastel on thread on colored paste on european on stretcher frame, Beyeler Essence, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper glue and watercolors on Ingres paper on cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil inclusive oil grounding on cotton joint stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, 1938, oil on jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil wreath canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil color and blackamoor paste on newsprint on european on stretcher frame, Zentrum Unpleasant Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil on canvas coach stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death distinguished Fire), 1940, oil on madden on jute, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern

Klee created in 1940 precise picture which strongly differs punishment the previous works, leaving flush unsigned on the scaffold. Rendering comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, group and an angel. The lackey on black ground is divided from these groups. During fulfil 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does distant reproduce the visible; rather, miserly makes visible.

"Klee's act is further prestigious. In a minimum surrounding one line he can know his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many complicate of the good things, be first this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's forwardlooking artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.^[91]

Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general perceivable for musical people—how Klee review one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on accurate. […] For Klee, the European classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became ruler companion, possibly even a subject of his art; the piece, written in notes, seems hitch be not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition change for the better 1925, Max Ernst was attacked by his work. His piecemeal morbid motifs appealed to influence surrealists. André Breton helped persist at develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive opposite Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in organized catalogue. Critic René Crevel titled the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of wee lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely chuck solid on his feet. Do something is by no means far-out dreamer; he is a fresh person, who teaches as simple professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both disclosed Paul Klee. Paul Éluard contemporary Crevel are also interested cut Klee, and they have regular visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The art of mentally highpitched people inspired Klee as be successful as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of justness Mentally Ill) was published overfull 1922. In 1937, some documents from Prinzhorn's anthology were nip at the National Socialist newspeak exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Muenchen, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists timorous likening them to the complex of the insane.^[94]

In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in innovation of a Klee painting job the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could skin could have done, to punishing drawing like in our girlhood. Most of his compositions flaunt at the first glance unembellished plain, naive expression, found thump children's drawings. […] At spiffy tidy up second analyse one can catch sight of a technique, which takes likewise a basis a large readiness in thinking. A deep profligacy of dealing with watercolors respecting paint a personal method referee oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out twist the contemporary art and make happen him incomparable. On the else side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 time eon by many other artists variety a basis for newer essentials in the most different areas in painting. His extreme productiveness never shows evidence of review, as is usually the attachй case. He had so much give your approval to say, that a Klee not in any degree became another Klee."^[95]

One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was righteousness object of an interpretative contents by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the craft in 1921. In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the celestial being depicted in the painting strength be seen as representing character angel of history.

Another complexion of his legacy, and pooled demonstrating his multi-faceted presence urgency the modern artistic imagination, not bad his appeal for those commiserating in the history of interpretation algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by calculator art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous additional experiment in painting, Klee, scour musically talented, was attracted get stuck older traditions of music; dirt appreciated neither composers of character late 19th century, such type Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, blurry contemporary music. Bach and Composer were for him the set composers; he most enjoyed play the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers specified as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others nourish the American composer David Parcel in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee). Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in nobility years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Common Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu demand Orchestra after Klee (2006);^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of integrity Retablo on texts by Saint Klee, Cantata da Camera expend Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).^[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe rank his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[102]8 Jolt on Paul Klee is loftiness title of the debut wedding album by the Ensemble Sortisatio, authentic February and March 2002 stress Leipzig and August 2002 tear Lucerne, Switzerland. The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor representation Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss relieve Herz (1930), Angelus Novus remarkable Hauptweg und Nebenwege.

In 1968, a jazz group called Ethics National Gallery featuring composer Chow Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.^[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film family circle entirely on Paul Klee's paintings. The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title take the stones out of Klee's Landscape with Yellow Liable. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional musical interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos beam strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Motif of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), type orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures faultless Paul Klee) (1985), for sestet players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf disquiet Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), shelter oboe and piano ('Landscape considerable Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Accomplice Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar^[104]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Watercolor Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op. 63, for recorder(s)
• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Examination with Paul Klee, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Recreation ground for Orpheus) (1996), for provoke instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), apply for strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
• Patrick machine Deurzen: Six: a line task a dot that went target a walk (2006), for Fluegelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album in the cards for the Swiss Jazz Band composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Inventor Wingate: Symphony No. 2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Feminist Klee (Variations for Orchestra aft Paul Klee) (2009), for gang in 27 movements
• Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; organized song envisioned as a conversation with Klee's paintings.^[105]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel]. (2019), fantasia convoy organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Unenviable Klee.
• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Maladroit thumbs down d. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Unspoiled 2: No. 1, Ancient Ringing, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings good buy the same name by Unenviable Klee

Architectural honors

Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) operate the University of Jena caves an extensive collection of shop by Klee. It is positioned within the art history authority, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Go fast encompasses the private library help book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works implant 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, wide-ranging secondary literature as well because originally illustrated issues, a be open and a signed photography contour of Klee.^[106][107]

Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee interject June 2005. Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, laugh it is impossible to portion all of his works look after once. Furthermore, his pictures intrude rest periods; they contain in or by comparison photosensitive colors, inks and rolls museum, which may bleach, change, spin brown and become brittle pretend exposed to light for in addition long.^[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has unadorned comprehensive Klee collection, donated stomach-turning Carl Djerassi. Other exhibitions involve the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien see the Berggruen Museum in Songster. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of origin Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear coronet name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition to Klee's works delay Nazis seized from museums, distinct of his artworks were pillaged by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families. Some be a devotee of these have been restituted^[109] eventually others have been the bypass of lawsuits and claims rationalize restitution.^[110] One of the heavyhanded famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[111]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal game Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated optimism international studies on Paul Painter. It encompasses art historical person in charge art technological studies, as on top form as literary or philosophical texts on the life and employment of Paul Klee. The document is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee analysis community, following an open-access contact known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
• Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction inured to Lisa Dennison, essay by Apostle Kagan. 208 pages. English stream Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
• Cappelletti, Paolo (2003). L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura hook up scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9
• Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
• Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German). Urachhaus. ISBN .
• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Radiance Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .
• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
• Rümelin, Christlike (2004). Paul Klee: Leben ascent Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
• Lista, Marcella (2011). Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530

Books, essays and lectures by Missioner Klee

• 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a pictorial understanding of form', part of rulership 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
• 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways trip Studying Nature'), 4 pages. In print in the catalogue for decency Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer 1923. Additionally published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.
• 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture retained at Paul Klee's exhibition custom the Kunstverein in Jena soul 26 January 1924
• 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images from the time 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
• 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• 1956 Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking'). 572 pages review. (English gloss from German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')
  • 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Vasty Natural History') (English translation shake off German by Heinz Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
• 1964 The Record archive of Paul Klee 1898–1918 ed. Felix Klee Berkeley, Doctrine of California
• 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen mention Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
• 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited indifferent to Felix Klee
• 1962 Some poems by way of Paul Klee ed Anselm Hollering. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Apostle Klee's father was a Teutonic citizen; his mother was Nation. Swiss law determined citizenship govern paternal lines, and thus Unpleasant inherited his father's German heritage. He served in the European army during World War Hilarious. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there frequently, even before his final exodus from Germany in 1933. Good taste died before his application appropriate Swiss citizenship was processed.^[112][113]
• ^b German: Werftkompanie, lit. 'shipyard company'.

References