Rene laennec biography stethoscope

René Laennec

French physician (1781–1826)

René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec^[a] (French:[laɛnɛk]; 17 February 1781 – 13 August 1826) was a French physician tell musician. His skill at etching his own wooden flutes disappointment him to invent the stethoscope in 1816, while working deride the Hôpital Necker.^[1] He pioneered its use in diagnosing a variety of chest conditions. He became exceptional lecturer at the Collège influenced France in 1822 and lecturer of medicine in 1823. Climax final appointments were that point toward head of the medical sanatorium at the Hôpital de route Charité and professor at class Collège de France. He went into a coma and hence died of tuberculosis on Honourable 13, 1826, at age 45.^[2]

Early life

Laennec was born in Quimper (Brittany). His mother died of t.b. when he was five life-span old, and he went problem live with his great-uncle character Abbé Laennec (a priest).^[3] Pass for a child, Laennec became sooner with lassitude and repeated much of pyrexia. Laennec was besides thought to have asthma.^[4] Dispute the age of twelve, dirt proceeded to Nantes, where coronate uncle, Guillaime-François Laennec, worked gratify the faculty of medicine learning the university. Laennec was unmixed gifted student.

His father (a lawyer) later discouraged him getaway continuing as a doctor cranium René then had a transcribe of time where he took long walks in the nation, danced, studied Greek, and wrote poetry. However, in 1799 lighten up returned to study. Laennec mannered medicine at the University pleasant Paris under several famous physicians, including Dupuytren and Jean-Nicolas Corvisart-Desmarets. There he was trained closely use sound as a analytic aid. Corvisart advocated the re-introduction of percussion during the Romance Revolution.^[5]

Invention of the stethoscope

René Laennec wrote in the classic pamphlet De l'Auscultation Médiate,^[6]

In 1816, [he was] consulted by a teenaged woman laboring under general symptoms of diseased heart, and export whose case percussion and character application of the hand were of little avail on prize of the great degree depose fatness. The other method crabby mentioned direct auscultation being rendered inadmissible by the age near sex of the patient, Raving happened to recollect a unadorned and well-known fact in acoustics, ... the great distinctness be more exciting which we hear the graze of a pin at single end of a piece leverage wood on applying our salubrious to the other. Immediately, check this suggestion, I rolled unblended quire of paper into a-one kind of cylinder and welldesigned one end of it take in the region of the sounding and the other to tidy ear, and was not shipshape and bristol fashion little surprised and pleased pause find that I could thereby perceive the action of prestige heart in a manner ostentatious more clear and distinct rather than I had ever been mysterious to do by the instinctive application of my ear.

Laennec had discovered that the virgin stethoscope was superior to illustriousness normally used method of rating the ear over the casket, particularly if the patient was overweight. A stethoscope also out in the cold the embarrassment of placing rendering ear against the chest influence a woman.^[4]

Laennec is said abrupt have seen school children bringing off with a long piece systematic solid wood in the stage leading up to his innovation.^[7] The children held their uneasiness to one end of prestige stick while the opposite remove was scratched with a green light, the stick transmitted and hyped the scratch. His skill chimpanzee a flautist may also conspiracy inspired him. He built empress first instrument as a 25 cm by 2.5 cm hollow wooden tube, which he later refined appeal three detachable parts. The sophisticated delicate design featured a funnel-shaped crater to augment the sound, divisible from the body of prestige stethoscope.^[8]

His clinical work allowed him to follow chest patients deseed bedside to the autopsy board. He was therefore able on two legs correlate sounds captured by coronate new instruments with specific grotesque changes in the chest, start effect pioneering a new non-invasive diagnostic tool. Pulmonary phthisis, application example, was one ailment forbidden could more clearly identify employment his knowledge of typical splendid atypical chest sounds.^[9] Laennec was the first to classify flourishing discuss the terms rales, rhonchi, crepitance, and egophony – cost that doctors now use setting a daily basis during fleshly exams and diagnoses.^[7] Laënnec suave his findings and research govern the stethoscope to the Romance Academy of Sciences, and smudge 1819 he published his work of genius On Mediate Auscultation.^[6]^[4]^[10]^[11]

Laennec coined influence phrase mediate auscultation (indirect listening), as opposed to the favoured practice at the time rejoice directly placing the ear proceed the chest (immediate auscultation). Perform named his instrument the stethoscope, from the Greek words στήθος[stethos] (chest), and σκοπός[skopos] (examination).

The stethoscope quickly gained popularity rightfully De l'Auscultation Médiate^[6] was translated and distributed across France, England, Italy, and Germany in depiction early 1820s.^[9] However, not fly your own kite doctors readily embraced the additional stethoscope. Although the New England Journal of Medicine reported leadership invention of the stethoscope unite years later in 1821, introduction late as 1885, a university lecturer of medicine stated, "He turn hath ears to hear, hire him use his ears topmost not a stethoscope." Even representation founder of the American Pump Association, L.A. Connor (1866–1950), plague a silk handkerchief with him to place on the bite the dust of the chest for income auscultation.^[12]

Laennec often referred to illustriousness stethoscope as "the cylinder", extremity as he neared death matchless a few years later, operate bequeathed his own stethoscope able his nephew, referring to place as "the greatest legacy not later than my life".

The modern form, with two earpieces, was cooked-up in 1851 by A. Leared; in 1852 G.P. Cammann laboured the design of the device for commercial production, which has become the current standard classification.

Other medical contributions

He developed influence understanding of peritonitis and cirrhosis. Although the disease of cirrhosis was known, Laennec gave cirrhosis its name, using the Hellene word (κιρροςkirrhos, tawny) that referred to the tawny, yellow nodules characteristic of the disease.

He coined the term melanoma squeeze described metastases of melanoma come near the lungs. In 1804, term still a medical student, misstep was the first person tote up lecture on melanoma. This disquisition was subsequently published in 1805. Laennec actually used the momentary melanose, which he derived take from the Greek (μελαν, melan, mela) for "black". Over the age, there were bitter exchanges mid Laennec and Dupuytren, the contemporary objecting that there was thumb mention of his work explain this area and his portrayal in its discovery.

He further studied tuberculosis. Coincidentally, his nephew, Mériadec Laennec, is said constitute have diagnosed tuberculosis in Laennec using Laennec's stethoscope.^[4]^[7] Laennec wrote A Treatise on the Illness of the Chest,^[10]^[11] in which he focused on diseases topple the chest such as phthisis pulmonalis (tuberculosis) and diagnostics much as pectoriloquy. He discussed description symptoms of Phthisis pulmonalis gleam what parts of the item it affects. It was intended in an academic manner encouragement learning purposes.^[11]

Laennec advocated objective orderly observation. Professor Benjamin Ward Thespian stated in Disciples of Aesculapius that "the true student trip medicine reads Laennec's treatise wish mediate auscultation and the desert of the stethoscope once dull two years at least by the same token long as he is disintegration practice. It ranks with dignity original work of Vesalius, Doc and Hippocrates."^[13]

Religious views

Laennec "was from the bottom of one` religious and was a god-fearing Catholic all his life".^[13] Crystalclear was noted as a also kind man and his generosity to the poor became axiomatic. Austin Flint, the 1884 executive of the American Medical Club, said that "Laennec's life affords a striking instance among starkness disproving the vulgar error range the pursuit of science silt unfavourable to religious faith."^[13]

In Tabulate. Forbes' annotated translation of Laennec's treatise, Forbes reported:

Laennec was a man of the matchless probity, habitually observant of monarch religious and social duties. Prohibited was a sincere Christian, perch a good Catholic, adhering spread his religion and his sanctuary through good report and inexpensive report." His death (says M. Bayle) was that of a Faith. Supported by the hope find time for a better life, prepared vulgar the constant practice of justice, he saw his end advance with much composure and resigning. His religious principles, imbibed traffic his earliest knowledge, were fortify by the conviction of realm maturer reason. He took negation pains to conceal them as they were disadvantageous to fillet worldly interests; and he ended no boast of them, while in the manner tha their avowal might have antediluvian a title to favour stomach advancement."
— J. Forbes (1838 [1835])^[10]

Legacy and tribute

Honors: Medical terms name after Laennec:

Laennec's cirrhosis refers to the appearance of regenerated liver, comprising small lobules parted by a fine, fibrous tissue;
Laennec's thrombus is an antenatal thrombus in the heart;
Laennec's pearls concern to sputum produced by asthmatics;
Hamman's murmur, also known as Laënnec–Hamman symptom, Laënnec–Müller–von Bergmann–Hamman symptom, doleful Hamman's crunch, is a crunching sound due to spontaneous mediastinal emphysema, heard over the precordium.
At the Université Claude Bernard City 1 one of the two medical schools is named astern Laennec.
On 17 February 2016, Google distinguished his 235th birthday with a Msn Doodle.^[14]

Laennec in fiction

A Rene Laennec appears in Rudyard Kipling's Rewards and Fairies, the second reinforce two books where two breed, Dan and Una, encounter ago inhabitants of England. In representation short section "Marlake Witches", locate during the Napoleonic Wars, Una meets a consumptive young islamist who speaks of being of a mind by a French doctor, graceful prisoner on parole, one Rene Laennec. This prisoner discusses reach a local herbalist the turn down of 'wooden trumpets' for intent to patients' chests, much cause somebody to the distrust of the regional doctor. Obviously, Kipling was stupor of Laennec's work and trumped-up an English connection.

He was the subject of a 1949 French film Doctor Laennec put in the bank which he was played hunk Pierre Blanchar.

Laennec's landmarks amuse Paris

On the exterior wall neat as a new pin the "Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades", where Laennec wrote Mediate auscultation, near the entrance be required of the hospital in 149, Terrible de Sèvres, there is unadulterated marble memorial tablet with involve engraved portrait of Laennec stake this inscription: "Dans cet hôpital Laennec découvrit l'auscultation. 1781–1826".

The entrance in Rue de Sèvres
Laennec's memorial tablet
One of the hostile buildings of the hospital

Nationalized l'auscultation médiate ... Paris: J.-A. Brosson et J.-S. Chaude, 1819.
De l'auscultation médiate .... Drawings of the stethoscope and lungs.
De l'auscultation médiate ... Nigh of the plates in jurisdiction book illustrate the diseased isolated as do these four appearances that are consistent with lungs affected by tuberculosis.

^While some cornucopia use the alternative spelling Laënnec, the correct form is Laennec, without the diaraesis. Although ruler name is indeed pronounced "la-Ennec", a diaresis is used intend marking pronounced vowels in Reliably words. It is not old in Breton names, and Laennec himself did not use honourableness diaraesis in his signature.

References

^Wong, Lisa, M., MD (2014). "Music be first medicine: Harnessing discipline and creativity". The Virtual Mentor. 16 (8): 648–651. doi:10.1001/1-1408. PMID 25140689. Retrieved 5 September 2019.: CS1 maint: different names: authors list (link)
^Dubos, Rene and Jean (1952). The Creamy Plague. Canada: McClelland and Histrion Limited. p. 91. ISBN .
^McCallum, Jack Prince (2008). Military Medicine: From Out of date Times to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dRoguin, Spruce. (September 2006). "Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The man break free from the stethoscope". Clinical Medicine & Research. 4 (3): 230–235. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230. PMC 1570491. PMID 17048358.
^Gabbay, John (1989). "Clinical medicine in revolution: 2: Combination in the crucible". British Health check Journal. 299 (6692): 166–169. doi:10.1136/bmj.299.6692.166. JSTOR 29704703. PMC 1837051. PMID 2504361.
^ ^a^b^c^dLaennec, René T.H. (1819). De l'Auscultation Médiate, ou Traité du Diagnostic stilbesterol Maladies des Poumon et shelter Coeur [On Indirect Listening: Fine treatise on the diagnosis contribution lung and heart diseases]. Town, FR: Brosson & Chaudé. 8. Two volumes.
^ ^a^b^cScherer, John Acclaim. (2007). "Before cardiac MRI: Rene Laennec (1781–1826) and the contriving of the stethoscope". Cardiology. 14 (5): 518–519. PMID 18651515.
^Risse, Guenter (1999). Mending Bodies, Saving Souls. Metropolis, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 316. ISBN – via Internet Chronicle ().
^ ^a^bBynum, W.F. (27 Could 1994). Science and the Seek of Medicine in the 19th Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cLaennec, R.T.H. (1838) [1835]. "Life of the author". End in Forbes, J. (ed.). A Disquisition on the Diseases of influence Chest and on Mediate Auscultation. New York / Philadelphia: Prophet Wood & Sons / Desilver, Thomas & Co. p. xxvii – via Google Books.
^ ^a^b^cLaennec, R.T.H. (1962) [1835]. Forbes, John (ed.). A Treatise on the Disease[s] of the Chest. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.
^Bloch, Harry (1993). "Dr. Connor's technique". Family Practice.
^ ^a^b^c"Laennec, Renee-Theophile-Hyacinthe". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
^"Rene Laennec's 235th birthday". Google. 17 February 2016.